NURSING RESEARCH READING, USING, AND CREATING EVIDENCE
FOURTH EDITION
JANET HOUSER, PHD, RN Provost and Professor Rueckert-Hartman College for Health Professions Regis University Denver, Colorado
JONES & BARTLETT LEARNING
World Headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA 01803 978-443-5000 [email protected] www.jblearning.com
Jones & Bartlett Learning books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers. To contact Jones & Bartlett Learning directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website, www.jblearning.com.
Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Jones & Bartlett Learning publications are available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations. For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at Jones & Bartlett Learning via the above contact information or send an email to [email protected].
Copyright © 2018 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
The content, statements, views, and opinions herein are the sole expression of the respective authors and not that of Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement or recommendation by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and such reference shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. All trademarks displayed are the trademarks of the parties noted herein. Nursing Research: Reading, Using, and Creating Evidence, Fourth Edition is an independent publication and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by the owners of the trademarks or service marks referenced in this product.
There may be images in this book that feature models; these models do not necessarily endorse, represent, or participate in the activities represented in
3
the images. Any screenshots in this product are for educational and instructive purposes only. Any individuals and scenarios featured in the case studies throughout this product may be real or fictitious, but are used for instructional purposes only.
The author, editor, and publisher have made every effort to provide accurate information. However, they are not responsible for errors, omissions, or for any outcomes related to the use of the contents of this book and take no responsibility for the use of the products and procedures described. Treatments and side effects described in this book may not be applicable to all people; likewise, some people may require a dose or experience a side effect that is not described herein. Drugs and medical devices are discussed that may have limited availability controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use only in a research study or clinical trial. Research, clinical practice, and government regulations often change the accepted standard in this field. When consideration is being given to use of any drug in the clinical setting, the health care provider or reader is responsible for determining FDA status of the drug, reading the package insert, and reviewing prescribing information for the most up-to-date recommendations on dose, precautions, and contraindications, and determining the appropriate usage for the product. This is especially important in the case of drugs that are new or seldom used.
15833-5
Production Credits VP, Executive Publisher: David D. Cella Executive Editor: Amanda Martin Editorial Assistant: Emma Huggard Senior Production Editor: Amanda Clerkin Senior Marketing Manager: Jennifer Scherzay Product Fulfillment Manager: Wendy Kilborn Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Cover Design: Scott Moden Rights & Media Specialist: Wes DeShano Media Development Editor: Troy Liston Cover Image: © Valentina Razumova/Shutterstock Printing and Binding: LSC Communications Cover Printing: LSC Communications
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Houser, Janet, 1954- author. Title: Nursing research : reading, using, and creating evidence / Janet Houser. Description: Fourth edition. | Burlington, Massachusetts : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016038194 | ISBN 9781284110043 Subjects: | MESH: Clinical Nursing Research–methods | Evidence-Based
4
Nursing | Research Design Classification: LCC RT81.5 | NLM WY 20.5 | DDC 610.73072–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016038194
6048
Printed in the United States of America 20 19 18 17 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5
Contents Preface Acknowledgments Contributors About the Author
Part I: An Introduction to Research
1 The Importance of Research as Evidence in Nursing Research as Evidence for Nursing Practice
What Is Nursing Research?
Research: A Fundamental Nursing Skill
The Evolution of Research in Nursing
Contemporary Nursing Research Roles
Research Versus Problem Solving
Research as Evidence in Nursing Practice
Evidence-Based Practice
The Importance of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing
How Can Evidence Be Used in Health Care?
Strategies for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice
Strategies for Overcoming Barriers
Reading Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Using Research in Evidence-Based Practice
Creating Evidence for Practice
Future Directions for Nursing Research
Summary of Key Concepts
For More Depth and Detail
References
2 The Research Process and Ways of Knowing Introduction
The Research Process
Classification of Research by Philosophical Assumptions About the Nature of the World
Choosing a Design
Classifications of Research by the Intent of the Researcher
Classifications of Research by the Nature of the Design
Classifications of Research by the Time Dimension
Reading Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Using Research in Evidence-Based Practice
Creating Evidence for Practice
Summary of Key Concepts
For More Depth and Detail
References
6
3 Ethical and Legal Considerations in Research Introduction
Learning from the Past, Protecting the Future
International Guides for the Researcher
National Guidelines for the Nurse Researcher
The Ethical Researcher
Legal and Regulatory Guidelines for Conducting Research
Institutional Review Boards
Research Involving Animals
Research Misconduct
The HIPAA Privacy Rule
Reading Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Using Research in Nursing Practice
Creating Evidence for Practice
Summary of Key Concepts
For More Depth and Detail
References
Part II: Planning for Research
4 Finding Problems and Writing Questions Introduction
Finding and Developing Research Problems
Developing the Research Question
Reading Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Using Research in Evidence-Based Practice
Creating Evidence for Practice
Summary of Key Concepts
For More Depth and Detail
References
5 The Successful Literature Review An Introduction to the Literature Review
Purpose, Importance, and Scope of the Literature Review
Types of Literature Used in the Review
Searching for the Evidence in a Research Problem
Competencies for Information Literacy
Reading the Literature Review Section
Using Evidence-Based Literature in Nursing Practice
Creating a Strong Literature Review
Summary of Key Concepts
For More Depth and Detail
References
6 Selecting an Appropriate Research Design Introduction
What Is a Design?
7
The Basis for Design Selection
The Design Decisions
Reading Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Using Research in Evidence-Based Practice
Creating Evidence for Practice
Summary of Key Concepts
For More Depth and Detail
References
Part III: Research Process
7 The Sampling Strategy Introduction
Selection Strategy: How Were the Subjects Chosen?
The Sample Selection Strategy
Reading the Sampling Section of a Research Study
Using Research as Evidence for Practice
Creating an Adequate Sampling Strategy
Summary of Key Concepts
For More Depth and Detail
References
8 Measurement and Data Collection Introduction
Measurement
The Measurement Strategy
Strategies to Minimize Measurement Error
Collecting Data Using Instruments
Data Management Procedures
Reading About Measurement and Data Collection
Using Measurements from a Research Study
Creating Measures and Collecting Data
Summary of Key Concepts
References
9 Enhancing the Validity of Research Introduction
Minimizing Threats to Internal Validity
Factors That Jeopardize Internal Validity
Factors That Jeopardize External Validity
Balancing Internal and External Validity
Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research
Strategies to Promote the Validity of Qualitative Research
Reading a Research Study to Determine Validity
Using Valid Studies as Evidence for Nursing Practice
Creating a Valid Research Study
Summary of Key Concepts
8
For More Depth and Detail
References
Part IV: Research That Describes Populations
10 Descriptive Research Questions and Procedures Introduction
Descriptive Research Studies
Characteristics of a Descriptive Design
Describing Groups Using Surveys
Describing Groups Relative to Time
Describing the Responses of Single Subjects
Designs That Describe Relationships
Reading Descriptive Research
Using Descriptive Research in Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
Creating Descriptive Research
Summary of Key Concepts
References
11 Summarizing and Reporting Descriptive Data Introduction
An Overview of Descriptive Data Analysis
Understanding Levels of Measurement
Identifying Shape and Distribution
Describing the Center and Spread
Common Errors in Summarizing Data
Reading the Descriptive Data Section in a Research Study
Using Descriptive Data Analysis in Practice
Creating Descriptive Data Summaries for a Research Study
Reporting Descriptive Results
Summary of Key Concepts
References
Part V: Studies that Measure Effectiveness
12 Quantitative Questions and Procedures Introduction
Quantitative Research Questions
Characteristics of a Quantitative Design
The Gold Standard: Experimental Design
More Common: Quasi-Experimental Designs
Designs That Focus on Intact Groups
Time-Series Designs
Reading Quantitative Research
Using Quantitative Research in Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
Generalizing the Results of Quantitative Studies
Creating Quantitative Research
